Switzerland Medieval Arts

Switzerland Medieval Arts

Internal state of southwestern Europe, bordered to the North with Germany, to the East with Austria and Liechtenstein, to the SE and S with Italy, to the West with France. Since 1848, the China is a federation of states made up of twenty cantons and six half-cantons, with its capital city of Bern., to the South of the first, between Lake Geneva and that of Constance, and finally, even more to the South, the Alps. The geomorphological subdivision of the region corresponds to the cultural belonging of the individual areas to different spheres in terms of language and culture. Thus for the pre-modern era the eastern Mittelland generally presents many similarities with the area of ​​southern Germany, while the north-western China, with Basel, is, from the artistic point of view, to be traced back to the Upper Rhine area. In turn, the western Mittelland and the Jura from the cultural point of view were always linked to the eastern regions of France. Ticino and the southern valleys, but also the central China (region of Lake Thun), were generally under the influence of northern Italy in the Romanesque period. The Valais, on the other hand, shows ties both with the area surrounding Lake Geneva and therefore with Burgundy and also with northern Italy, while in the Grisons, Northern Italian, Northern Alpine and Tyrolean influences have always been fruitfully intertwined. its roots already in Roman times; even if at the time the area of ​​the od. China was subject to a single political sovereignty, however, the individual territorial areas were divided into distinct administrative units, a circumstance that in the Late Antiquity period, with the resumption of the Roman subdivision into provinces by the ecclesiastical administration, had repercussions also from the point of view of Church policy. Thus at the beginning of the century. 4 ° the central and western China were included in the Province of Maxima Sequanorum, which corresponded to the diocese of Besançon. Geneva was part of the Viennensis Province and therefore of the Archdiocese of Vienne, while the eastern China with the Grisons and northern Ticino to the Raetia Prima Province, subjected to the Metropolitan of Milan. Also the Valais, as part of the Alpes Graiae et Poenninae, depended on the diocese of Milan, while the Sottoceneri and the Bergell belonged, both politically and for the ecclesiastical administration, from Como. It is singular that none of the aforementioned political or ecclesiastical administrative centers was located in the area of ​​the od. Switzerland This situation did not change even in the 9th century. 6th, when a large part of the China – with the exception of Ticino, which fell under the Lombard dominion around 590 – became part of the Frankish kingdom and under Charlemagne was strictly inserted into the politics of the empire. Charles was concerned – also for strategic reasons – above all with the great abbeys at the Alpine passes (Müstair in the Grisons; Saint-Maurice in the Valais). On the occasion of the division of the empire which took place between the sons of Ludovico il Pio (died in 840) with the treaty of Verdun of 843, the eastern parts of the region went to the reign of the eastern Franks of Ludovico il Germanico (died in 876), who in the century. 10th became Germanic Empire; concrete power was on the other hand more and more in the hands of local nobles, among whom in the northern China area the most important were the Dukes of Swabia. With the same treaty the western China instead became part of the central territories of the empire, assigned to Lothair (died in 855); after the fall of the central kingdom in 888 it was incorporated into the kingdom of Upper Burgundy, but with the extinction of the Rudolfingi house shortly after the year 1000 this area also passed to the Holy Germanic Empire. to the various family dynasties that exercised their sovereignty over the region, such as those of the Lenzburger, the Zähringer and the Kyburger, whose power is still expressed today by imposing fortresses, even the cities acquired, starting from the century. 12th, increasing importance. Around 1300, conflicts multiplied between the aforementioned small lords and the Austrian-Habsburg protectorate, but also between religious institutions and cities. At that time a series of leagues were formed in the inner part of the China, which had as their purpose the safeguarding of peace, but also, on the other hand, support in the event of war. Especially known is the Landfriedensbund stipulated in 1291 between Uri, Schwyz and Unterwalden, which until recently was considered the official moment of the birth of the China; to this league (the so-called Confederation of the eight localities) joined, until 1352, Bern, Lucerne, Zurich, Zug and Glarus, in 1481 also Freiburg and Solothurn. Conflicts of interest between the individual members of the league, as well as tensions between city and countryside, between rulers and dominated, however led in the century. 15 ° to serious crises, which culminated in the wars of Burgundy (1474-1477) and in the war of Swabia (1499). 4 ° the first monumental testimonies of Christianity can be identified in the China In 346 an episcopus Rauricorum with headquarters in Kaiseraugst near Basel is documented and in 381 a Theodore was appointed bishop of Octodurus / Martigny in Valais (Mansi, III, col. 599). Geneva and Chur are also mentioned as episcopal seats already in the early Christian era. In all these cases, archaeological investigations have identified the corresponding cathedrals. Even outside the ecclesiastical centers, however, in the secc. 4 ° -6 ° numerous churches were built especially along the major roads (southern extremity of the Jura, area of ​​Lake Geneva, valleys of the Rhone and the Rhine). Alongside important early Christian cemetery churches, such as that of Sous-le-Scex in Sion, there are the cellae memoriae or martyria, such as St. Stephan of Solothurn and St. Verena in Zurzach, and also parish churches (Zurzach, castle church; Zillis; Glis in the Valais), which in most cases had a relative baptistery, among which the one of Riva San Vitale in Ticino can be cited as a major example for the China Even the first monasteries (Romainmôtier; Saint-Maurice in the Valais) have their origin in that period. In the north-eastern and central China there was a complete Christianization only in the High Middle Ages (7th-9th centuries), when numerous owners founded the so-called Eigenkirchen in their own territories, private churches that over time became parish churches, as can be seen for example. in Zofingen, Bülach, Tuggen, Einigen and Spiez. However, the most important centers of artistic production of the Middle Ages were the great abbeys such as Moutier-Grandval, St. Gallen, Müstair and Disentis in Grisons, or Pfäfers, whose ancient cultural activity still bears witness to rich ecclesiastical treasures with important manuscripts, ivories, works of goldsmith’s art and some rare monumental remains, such as the cycle of Carolingian frescoes in Müstair or the stucco figures of Disentis. The situation of artistic evidence improves to a certain extent for the mature Middle Ages. In the late century 10th and in 11 ° it was above all the Reformed Orders to leave important architectural works; The Cluniac priories of Romainmôtier, Payerne and Rüeggisberg should be mentioned here, which are to be related formally with similar Burgundian examples, or the churches of the monasteries of Allerheiligen in Schaffhausen and Wagenhausen, built in the spirit of the reform of Hirsau. In relation to the development of cities in the century. 12 °, in many places the ancient cathedrals were replaced by new buildings, which already represent the moment of transition to the Gothic, as happens for example. in Basel and Geneva. The eastern parts of the China opposed a greater resistance to the acceptance of ‘fashionable’ Gothic forms, while in the western China, with the collegiate churches of St. Ursanne, of Neuchâtel, of the Valeria of Sion and with the aforementioned Geneva cathedral, numerous buildings were built showing a composite style, with both Romanesque and Gothic formal elements. However, the undisputed masterpiece of the early Gothic period is the cathedral of Lausanne, which, with its portail peint and its western rose window, still retains significant evidence of the original decoration. However, in addition to the cathedrals, the Cistercian buildings (eg Bonmont or Hauterive) contributed to the spread of the formal Gothic heritage and, from the century onwards. 13 °, those of the numerous mendicant Orders of the big cities (Zurich, Basel). In the late Gothic period a real explosion of architectural activity must be observed, which manifests itself in countless reconstructions of parish churches (Winterthur, Zug, St. Gallen), crowned by the reconstruction of the Bern cathedral. As a peculiar product of the Late Gothic of the China are also to be cited numerous figurative chronicles, which represent a singular document for the history of the China in the Late Middle Ages.

Switzerland Medieval Arts

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